{
  "project": "Filter Forward Virginia",
  "purpose": "Grassroots advocacy for motorcycle lane filtering in Virginia. Every factual claim on the site is listed here with its primary source and a verbatim supporting quote, so humans and AI agents can verify the case independently.",
  "bill": "Virginia SB 435 (2026)",
  "last_verified": "2026-10-21",
  "verification_note": "Each link was fetched and checked that the page supports the claim. An earlier NHTSA rear-end statistic was removed because its linked source did not support it.",
  "claims": [
    {
      "id": "berkeley-injury",
      "claim": "Riders splitting lanes when they crashed had lower injury rates: head 9% vs 17%, torso 19% vs 29%, fatal 1.2% vs 3%.",
      "quote": "lane-splitting riders were less likely to suffer head injury (9 percent versus 17 percent), torso injury (19 percent versus 29 percent) and fatal injury (1.2 percent versus 3 percent)",
      "source": "UC Berkeley SafeTREC (2015)",
      "url": "https://news.berkeley.edu/2015/05/29/motorcycle-lanesplitting-report/",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "Measured injury severity among crashes that happened, not whether filtering changes the odds of crashing."
    },
    {
      "id": "berkeley-speed",
      "claim": "The speed difference with traffic predicts injury more than speed alone; above a 15 mph differential, injury risk rose significantly. Filtering is relatively safe in traffic at 50 mph or less.",
      "quote": "the difference in speed between the motorcycle and the surrounding traffic was a bigger predictor of injury than speed alone",
      "source": "UC Berkeley SafeTREC (2015)",
      "url": "https://news.berkeley.edu/2015/05/29/motorcycle-lanesplitting-report/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "berkeley-sample",
      "claim": "The study examined nearly 6,000 California motorcycle crashes; 997 involved lane-splitting at the time of the crash.",
      "quote": "Of the nearly 6,000 accidents reported by the California Highway Patrol, 997 involved lane-splitting at the time of collision",
      "source": "UC Berkeley SafeTREC (2015)",
      "url": "https://news.berkeley.edu/2015/05/29/motorcycle-lanesplitting-report/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "maids-7x",
      "claim": "A 2009 five-country European study found riders were seven times more likely to be hit while stopped than to crash while filtering, and filtering was involved in 0.45% of crashes.",
      "quote": "motorcyclists were seven times more likely to be hit while stopped compared to crashing while lane splitting",
      "source": "Colorado SB24-079 (enacted), citing MAIDS",
      "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/2024a_079_signed.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "nsw-trial",
      "claim": "New South Wales ran a two-year filtering trial and concluded it was a relatively low-risk activity, then legalized it.",
      "quote": "Lane splitting \"was a relatively low risk riding activity for motorcyclists under the conditions of the trial\"",
      "source": "Colorado SB24-079 (enacted), citing the NSW trial",
      "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/2024a_079_signed.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "nhtsa-fatal",
      "claim": "In 2024, 6,228 motorcyclists were killed, 16% of all traffic deaths, among the highest counts since at least 1975.",
      "quote": "In 2024, there were 6,228 motorcyclists killed, 16% of all traffic fatalities",
      "source": "NHTSA, Motorcycle Safety",
      "url": "https://www.nhtsa.gov/road-safety/motorcycles",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "leuven",
      "claim": "Modeling a Belgian corridor, replacing 10% of cars with motorcycles cut total time lost for all vehicles by 40%; a 25% shift eliminated congestion.",
      "quote": "total time losses for all vehicles decreased by 40 percent and total emissions reduced by 6 percent",
      "source": "Transport & Mobility Leuven (2011), via New Atlas",
      "url": "https://newatlas.com/motorcycles-reduce-congestion/21420/",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "Authors call it an order-of-magnitude estimate for one corridor."
    },
    {
      "id": "leuven-emit",
      "claim": "Most of the modeled emissions drop came from less idling, not the vehicle mix: 5 of the 6 percentage points were from avoided congestion.",
      "quote": "1 percent from the different traffic composition of more emission-reduced motorcycles and 5 percent from avoided traffic congestion",
      "source": "Transport & Mobility Leuven (2011), via New Atlas",
      "url": "https://newatlas.com/motorcycles-reduce-congestion/21420/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "trip",
      "claim": "The average Northern Virginia driver loses about 103 hours and $2,500 a year to congestion; congestion cost Virginia drivers about $5 billion in 2022.",
      "quote": "The average Northern Virginia driver loses 103 hours to congestion each year and $2,500 in lost time and wasted fuel",
      "source": "TRIP, Keeping Virginia Mobile (2023)",
      "url": "https://tripnet.org/reports/keeping-virginia-mobile-northern-virginia-news-release-09-28-2023/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "harley-heat",
      "claim": "Hot-weather riding becomes dangerous above a 95F heat index; even 2% dehydration impairs reaction time; riders can lose up to 1.5 quarts of fluid an hour.",
      "quote": "even 2% dehydration can impair the reaction times and decision-making skills that keep us safe on the road",
      "source": "Harley-Davidson, Motorcycle Heat Safety",
      "url": "https://www.insurance.harley-davidson.com/resources/stay-cool-while-riding-a-motorcycle",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "utah",
      "claim": "Utah legalized filtering in 2019: stopped traffic only, rider at 15 mph or less, on roads posted 45 mph or less; it is also allowed on off-ramps.",
      "quote": "Lane filtering is legal in Utah anywhere the posted speed limit is 45 mph or less... it is allowed on off ramps",
      "source": "Utah DPS, Ride to Live",
      "url": "https://ridetolive.utah.gov/lane-filtering/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "utah-why",
      "claim": "Utah's safety program says filtering reduces congestion at lights and helps prevent crashes where a driver hits a motorcycle stopped at a red light.",
      "quote": "Lane filtering cuts down on congestion at busy traffic lights. It also helps eliminate crashes from motorists hitting a motorcycle while stopped at a red light",
      "source": "Utah DPS, Ride to Live",
      "url": "https://ridetolive.utah.gov/lane-filtering/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "minnesota",
      "claim": "Minnesota legalized filtering and splitting effective July 1, 2025, at up to 25 mph and no more than 15 mph over traffic.",
      "quote": "Motorcycle lane splitting and filtering are legal on Minnesota roads as of July 1. The new law, passed by the Legislature in 2024",
      "source": "Minnesota Dept. of Public Safety",
      "url": "https://dps.mn.gov/news/ots/lane-splitting-filtering-begin-mn",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "california",
      "claim": "California was the first state to formally allow lane splitting: AB 51 (2016) added Vehicle Code 21658.1, which authorizes splitting and directs the CHP to issue safety guidelines.",
      "quote": "This bill would authorize a motorcycle to be driven between rows of stopped or moving vehicles in the same lane",
      "source": "California AB 51 (2016), Vehicle Code 21658.1",
      "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB51",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "montana",
      "claim": "Montana legalized lane filtering in 2021 (Senate Bill 9, MCA 61-8-392), effective October 1, 2021: a two-wheeled motorcycle may pass a stopped or slow vehicle (10 mph or less) in the same lane at no more than 20 mph.",
      "quote": "the overtaking motorcycle is not operated at a speed in excess of 20 miles an hour when overtaking the stopped or slow-moving vehicle",
      "source": "Montana Code Annotated 61-8-392 (Senate Bill 9, 2021)",
      "url": "https://archive.legmt.gov/bills/2021/billhtml/SB0009.htm",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "arizona",
      "claim": "Arizona legalized lane filtering in 2022 (SB 1273, A.R.S. 28-903(F)), effective September 24, 2022: a two-wheeled motorcycle may pass a vehicle stopped in the same lane at 15 mph or less on streets posted 45 mph or less.",
      "quote": "SB 1273 ... took effect on September 24. The bill added subsection F to A.R.S. 28-903",
      "source": "Arizona SB 1273 (2022), A.R.S. 28-903(F)",
      "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/55leg/2R/bills/SB1273S.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "colorado",
      "claim": "Colorado legalized lane filtering in 2024 (SB24-079): a motorcycle may pass stopped traffic in the same direction at 15 mph or less when safe.",
      "quote": "filtering at a speed less than 30 kmph (19 mph)",
      "source": "Colorado SB24-079 (2024, enacted)",
      "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/2024a_079_signed.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "nsw-law",
      "claim": "New South Wales allows filtering past stopped or slow vehicles at 30 km/h or less; the filtering law does not apply to bicycles.",
      "quote": "Lane filtering is where a motorcycle rider moves past stopped or slow-moving vehicles at 30km/h or less. Lane filtering is legal in NSW",
      "source": "Transport for NSW",
      "url": "https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/roadsafety/motorcyclists",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "sb435",
      "claim": "Virginia SB 435 (2026) let a two-wheeled motorcycle pass traffic stopped or at 10 mph or less, at up to 20 mph, on divided highways with two lanes each way; a $300 fine for drivers who block a filtering rider; and a statewide DMV education campaign.",
      "quote": "A violation of this subsection is a traffic infraction punishable by a fine of $300",
      "source": "Virginia SB 435 (2026), LIS bill text",
      "url": "https://lis.blob.core.windows.net/files/1090261.HTML",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "senate-vote",
      "claim": "SB 435 passed the Virginia Senate 32 to 8 on January 28, 2026, before dying in a House Transportation subcommittee. One senator later stated she intended to vote nay, which would have made the recorded margin 31 to 9.",
      "quote": "Read third time and passed Senate (32-Y 8-N 0-A)",
      "source": "Virginia LIS, SB 435 Senate roll call SV112 (2026 Regular Session)",
      "url": "https://lis.virginia.gov/vote-details/SB435/20261/SV112",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "Recorded vote confirmed against the official LIS roll call (SV112): 32 yea, 8 nay, 0 abstain. Senator Durant is recorded stating she voted yea but intended to vote nay; the recorded result stands at 32 to 8, with her intended correction it would read 31 to 9."
    },
    {
      "id": "endorsements",
      "claim": "Virginia had 431,601 motorcycle endorsements in 2023, more than twice the number of registered motorcycles.",
      "quote": "2023 | 431,601",
      "source": "Virginia DMV, Motorcycle Endorsements 2018-2023",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/motorcycle-endorsement.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "bicycle-code",
      "claim": "Virginia law already lets a person riding a bicycle pass another vehicle on either side while staying in the same lane; it bars riding between two lanes of same-direction traffic. The bill would allow motorcycles that same in-lane pass.",
      "quote": "may overtake and pass another vehicle on either the left or right side, staying in the same lane as the overtaken vehicle",
      "source": "Code of Virginia 46.2-907",
      "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title46.2/chapter8/section46.2-907/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "dmv-study",
      "claim": "Virginia DMV's 2021 study reached no consensus and recommended no legislation; it found crashes where traffic was 20 mph or less were under 2% of motorcycle crashes.",
      "quote": "lacking a consensus on the legalization of lane filtering in Virginia, the report contains no recommended legislation",
      "source": "Virginia DMV Motorcycle Lane Filtering Study (2021)",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/motorcycle-lane-filtering.pdf",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "A source that cuts against the case; published anyway per the transparency posture."
    },
    {
      "id": "ama-position",
      "claim": "The American Motorcyclist Association, the national rider organization, formally endorses legalizing lane splitting and lane filtering.",
      "quote": "The AMA endorses the practice of legalizing lane splitting and lane filtering.",
      "source": "American Motorcyclist Association, Board position statement (approved 2024-10-07)",
      "url": "https://americanmotorcyclist.com/rights/ama-board-position-statements/lane-splitting/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "mic-position",
      "claim": "The Motorcycle Industry Council, the industry trade group, supports state laws that allow lane splitting under reasonable restrictions.",
      "quote": "the Motorcycle Industry Council supports state laws that allow lane splitting under reasonable restrictions",
      "source": "Motorcycle Industry Council, Position on Lane Splitting (2011, updated 2014), via the AMA",
      "url": "https://americanmotorcyclist.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/MIC-Position-on-Lane-Splitting-7-29-14.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "hurt-traffic",
      "claim": "The Hurt Report, the most comprehensive US motorcycle crash-causation study, found moderate or heavy traffic was present in 59.2% of the crashes it studied, underscoring how much of a rider's risk comes from exposure in congested traffic.",
      "quote": "Moderate or heavy traffic was the situation at 59.2 percent of the accidents",
      "source": "Hurt, Ouellet & Thom (1981), Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures, DOT HS 805 862, p.57, via the AMA",
      "url": "https://americanmotorcyclist.com/rights/ama-board-position-statements/lane-splitting/",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The 1981 Hurt Report predates modern filtering laws; it is cited for the traffic-exposure context, not as a direct study of filtering. The original government report is archived at rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/6450."
    },
    {
      "id": "oregon-dot",
      "claim": "Oregon DOT's lane-sharing research report examines the practice nationally and internationally, covering motorcycle and driver safety and the potential benefits of lane-sharing.",
      "quote": "This report examines the use of lane-sharing (also sometimes referred to as lane-splitting and filtering) nationally and internationally and includes discussions on motorcycle and driver (auto) safety, and the potential benefits of lane-sharing.",
      "source": "Oregon Department of Transportation, Motorcycle Lane-Sharing",
      "url": "https://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Programs/ResearchDocuments/Motorcycle_Lane_Sharing.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "washington-wtsc",
      "claim": "Washington's Traffic Safety Commission review found that research from Australia showed lane-sharing did not reduce overall congestion but did reduce travel times for motorcyclists.",
      "quote": "Research from Australia found that lane-sharing did not reduce congestion but did reduce travel times - for motorcyclists alone.",
      "source": "Washington Traffic Safety Commission, Research and Data Division, Motorcycle Lane-Sharing (December 2017)",
      "url": "https://wtsc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2019/05/Motorcycle-Lane-Sharing_Dec2017.pdf",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "Included for balance: this review found a travel-time benefit for riders but not a general congestion reduction, a narrower finding than the Leuven modeling."
    },
    {
      "id": "sb435-fiscal",
      "claim": "Virginia's Department of Planning and Budget found no anticipated state fiscal impact from SB 435.",
      "quote": "There is no anticipated state fiscal impact associated with this proposed legislation.",
      "source": "Virginia Department of Planning and Budget, SB 435 State Fiscal Impact Statement (2026)",
      "url": "https://lis.blob.core.windows.net/files/1134076.PDF",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "sb435-ordinary-care",
      "claim": "SB 435 required a filtering rider to pass with ordinary care, a conduct standard rather than a blanket permission.",
      "quote": "such motorcycle does not exceed a speed of 20 miles per hour, and the operator executes such passing with ordinary care.",
      "source": "Virginia Department of Planning and Budget, SB 435 State Fiscal Impact Statement (2026), bill summary",
      "url": "https://lis.blob.core.windows.net/files/1134076.PDF",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "colorado-fiscal",
      "claim": "Colorado's final fiscal note on its 2024 filtering law listed only minimal changes to fine revenue and court workload. It identified no insurance impact.",
      "quote": "Based on the assumptions above, this fiscal note assumes any decrease in fine collection will be minimal.",
      "source": "Colorado Legislative Council Staff, SB 24-079 Final Fiscal Note (June 3, 2024)",
      "url": "http://www.leg.colorado.gov/bill_files/45639/download",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The 'no insurance impact' half of this claim is an absence: the full three-page note was read and does not mention insurance."
    },
    {
      "id": "utah-permanent",
      "claim": "In October 2026, after seven years of legal filtering, a Utah legislative committee advanced a bill to make it permanent and extend it to roads up to 55 mph. The sponsor said statewide data showed no statistical increase in crashes.",
      "quote": "Brooks, who wants to make the law permanent, said Wednesday that statewide data showed no statistical increase in crashes due to allowing lane filtering.",
      "source": "KSL.com, Utah lawmakers eye permanently allowing motorcycle lane filtering (Oct. 21, 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.ksl.com/article/51639400/utah-lawmakers-eye-permanently-allowing-motorcycle-lane-filtering",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The crash-data statement is the sponsor's, reported by KSL. A Utah Highway Patrol official separately said the law had not made things measurably safer or more dangerous."
    },
    {
      "id": "dmv-low-speed",
      "claim": "In Virginia, crashes where traffic moves 20 mph or slower are under 2% of motorcycle crashes and under 0.02% of all vehicle crashes, the slice of traffic a filtering law operates in.",
      "quote": "Crashes occurring where traffic speeds are 20 mph or lower represent less than 2% of all crashes involving motorcycles and less than 0.02% of all vehicle crashes.",
      "source": "Virginia DMV, Motorcycle Lane Filtering Study (2021)",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/motorcycle-lane-filtering.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "dmv-insurers",
      "claim": "In Virginia's DMV study, insurance representatives objected on liability grounds. They did not present premium or claims data.",
      "quote": "Insurance representatives expressed concern about liability and presumptions related to lane occupancy.",
      "source": "Virginia DMV, Motorcycle Lane Filtering Study (2021)",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/motorcycle-lane-filtering.pdf",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "APCIA's appended letter frames its goals as keeping premiums low and cites a French study on crash risk, but it does not claim filtering raised premiums anywhere."
    },
    {
      "id": "namic-2023",
      "claim": "The National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies opposed Virginia's 2023 filtering bill on safety and right-of-way grounds. Its letter does not mention premiums, rates, or claim costs.",
      "quote": "NAMIC's concerns about the bill revolve around its potential impact on safety.",
      "source": "NAMIC letter to the Virginia House Transportation Subcommittee on HB 2127 (Jan. 25, 2023)",
      "url": "https://hodspeak.house.virginia.gov/rails/active_storage/blobs/redirect/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaHBBbk1DIiwiZXhwIjpudWxsLCJwdXIiOiJibG9iX2lkIn19--c352ff64d00a20ce2a92dd12be6f769a0700cdd4/VA%202023%20NAMIC%20HB%202127%20Letter.pdf",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The letter also acknowledges the ongoing discussion about whether filtering is safer than waiting in line to be rear-ended."
    },
    {
      "id": "aaa-oregon",
      "claim": "AAA Oregon/Idaho predicted that legalizing filtering in Oregon would raise premiums for drivers. Its testimony gives no premium or claims figures from any state where filtering is legal.",
      "quote": "This opens the door for costly insurance claims, disputes over fault, and higher premiums for Oregon motorists.",
      "source": "AAA Oregon/Idaho testimony in opposition to Oregon HB 3542 (Apr. 7, 2025)",
      "url": "http://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2025R1/Downloads/PublicTestimonyDocument/193683",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The testimony says AAA reviewed data from other states, but the premium point itself is a prediction, not a figure."
    },
    {
      "id": "moneygeek-premiums",
      "claim": "In a 2026 rate survey pricing the same rider in every state, Virginia's median motorcycle premium ($22 a month) is higher than every state that allows filtering: Arizona $16, California $21, Colorado $14, Minnesota $11, Montana $9, Utah $17.",
      "quote": "Rates reflect the median cost of state minimum liability and full coverage for a 40-year-old driver with no violations insuring a 2018 Honda Rebel 500 ABS.",
      "source": "MoneyGeek, Average Cost of Motorcycle Insurance (state medians, updated Oct. 2026)",
      "url": "https://www.moneygeek.com/insurance/motorcycle/average-cost-of-motorcycle-insurance/",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "A commercial rate survey, overwritten each year. Figures re-checked 2026-10-30 against the page's 'Median Monthly Premium' table by state: Virginia $22, Arizona $16, California $21, Colorado $14, Minnesota $11, Montana $9, Utah $17. It shows that filtering states are not expensive to insure, not that filtering lowers premiums: MoneyGeek itself notes that 'Rural states with lower accident and theft rates cost less.'"
    },
    {
      "id": "va-857",
      "claim": "Virginia Code § 46.2-857 generally makes driving abreast of another vehicle in a lane designed for one vehicle reckless driving, but expressly permits two two-wheeled motorcycles to travel abreast in one lane. That exception should not be confused with permission to filter between lanes of traffic.",
      "quote": "A person shall be guilty of reckless driving who drives any motor vehicle so as to be abreast of another vehicle in a lane designed for one vehicle, or drives any motor vehicle so as to travel abreast of any other vehicle traveling in a lane designed for one vehicle. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit two two-wheeled motorcycles from traveling abreast while traveling in a lane designated for one vehicle.",
      "source": "Code of Virginia § 46.2-857",
      "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title46.2/chapter8/section46.2-857/",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "dmv-opposition-concerns",
      "claim": "In Virginia's 2021 DMV study, the groups opposed to filtering recorded concerns: insurers about liability, law enforcement and motorist safety groups about public safety and the difficulty of making a traffic stop, and truckers about road and vehicle width.",
      "quote": "Motorist safety organizations and law enforcement representatives were also opposed to lane filtering, citing public safety concerns and the difficulty of initiating a traffic stop on a lane filtering motorcyclist for purposes of enforcement.",
      "source": "Virginia DMV Motorcycle Lane Filtering Study (2021), Stakeholder Positions, pp. 18-19",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/motorcycle-lane-filtering.pdf",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The same section records that insurers cited liability and that trucking representatives cited the width of primary roadways and of commercial vehicles. It records no crash data offered by opponents."
    },
    {
      "id": "usc-405f",
      "claim": "Federal motorcyclist safety grants (23 U.S.C. 405(f)) may be used for public awareness campaigns that make drivers more aware of motorcyclists.",
      "quote": "public awareness, public service announcements, and other outreach programs to enhance driver awareness of motorcyclists, including “share-the-road” safety messages.",
      "source": "23 U.S.C. 405(f)(4)(A)(iv), Motorcyclist Safety grants",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title23/html/USCODE-2023-title23-chap4-sec405.htm",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "id": "va-hsp-awareness",
      "claim": "Virginia's Highway Safety Office already runs a federally funded paid media campaign telling drivers to share the road with motorcycles, budgeting $200,000 to $220,500 a year in 405(f) motorcyclist safety funds for FY2024 to FY2026.",
      "quote": "a robust earned and owned media campaign that will encourage other vehicle drivers to share the road with motorcycles and afford them a space cushion, give motorcycles a second look",
      "source": "Virginia DMV Highway Safety Office, Triennial Highway Safety Plan FY2024-2026 (Motorcycle Safety budget, p. 106; Communication Plan, p. 148)",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/highway_safety_plan.pdf",
      "status": "verified",
      "note": "The 405(f) figures are budgeted amounts from the plan's Motorcycle Safety Budget Summary (FY2024 $200,000, FY2025 $210,000, FY2026 $220,500), not reported spending."
    },
    {
      "id": "va-405f-spent",
      "claim": "Virginia has spent federal 405(f) motorcyclist safety funds on motorist awareness paid media: $98,868 in FY2022.",
      "quote": "$98,868 in 405f funds was expended on motorcycle safety, awareness and paid media activities.",
      "source": "Virginia DMV Highway Safety Office, FFY 2022 Annual Report",
      "url": "https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2022-annual-report.pdf",
      "status": "verified"
    }
  ]
}